Major Forces Shaping the U.S. Economy Essay Example for Free

Major Forces Shaping the U.S. Economy EssayThree issues will shape the economys performance the next 18 months. To what accomplishment will consumer consumption slow? What is the awaylook for business expenditures? Will the plyeral Reserve go too far in raising rates? Commentators and pundits be prone to say that consumers are in great shape, still going strong, resilient, and so on. While it is easy to get caught up in this optimism, there is a need to focus more on the pecuniary resource that underlie this spending.On a basic analysis, it will quickly become apparent that household finances are stretched to the point where slowdown can be expected, perhaps a significant slowdown, in consumer spending the next 6-12 months. Some of the reasons behind such a possibility are Interest Rates With the overall cost of credit rising since 2004, Americans with large outstanding balances on their credit cards, home equity loans, and adaptable rate mortgages are starting to feel th e pinch. The Explosion in Household Debt. For years, Americans excite been spending far more than what they have been earning.With borrowing costs historically low and home equity values increasing, consumers piled up on debt to finance a level of consumption that far exceeded their income growth. In the last five years, Americans have increased their total outstanding debt by $5 trillion. (To put that number in context, corporate sector debt jumped by about $1 trillion in that time frame, while federal government debt rose by $1. 3 trillion). That $5 trillion in additional liabilities brought total outstanding household debt to a record $11.8 trillion. Servicing this massive liability was certainly easier when interest rates were low. But after a steady rally of rising rates, the buck of carrying those IOUs has now gotten much harder. Gasoline Costs. In addition to servicing that huge debt, Americans will need to part with more money for gasoline in approach path months. A few o ther reasons on this line are Rising Healthcare Costs Marginal Growth in Real Income Tougher Personal nonstarter Laws A Boost to Savings because of Rising Interest RatesThe cumulative effects of these factors will depress consumer spending the second half of the year and plausibly through the first half of 2007. What is the Outlook for Business Expenditures Since consumer outlays make up 70% of all U. S. economic activity, the expected slowdown in household spending will have a palpable impact on the economy. Fortunately, what will keep the economy out of any serious trouble is business spending. tearaway(a) expectant expenditures this year will be strong profits, high capacity utilization rates, strong foreign demand for U. S.products, global competitive pressures, and that the cost of capital remains relatively low. Will the Federal Reserve Go Too Far in Raising Rates So long as the Fed does not go too far in raising rates, a level that can be defined as above 5. 50%, the af fright of recession is nil this year and next. Led by weaker consumer spending a softer housing market, U. S. economic activity can slow markedly in the second half of 2006 and last through the first half of 2007. However, strong business expenditures and a pick up in exports will keep the economy out of any serious trouble.Of course, should the economy suddenly be sideswiped by a serious external shock, the threat of recession becomes more real. The severity and timing of the downturn will depend on the nature of the shock. While there are numerous risks that bear close watching such as the war in Iraq, the Israeli-Palestinian talks, North Korea, 2006 hurricane season, Venezuela, Nigeria the threats that have the greatest probability of materializing involve Iran, a terrorist strike on Saudi oil facilities, and an Avian flu human pandemic (Baumohl).

Hemingway Picasso Essay Example for Free

Hemingway Picasso EssayOne of the greatest American writers Ernest Hemingway was born on 21 July 1899 in oak tree Park, Illinois. His parents were very strict and religious, they taught him a love of nature, outdoor life, music and art. He was re in ally good at English and used to write for his schools newspaper. After graduation, he didnt go to college. Instead, he went to Kansas to work for a newspaper. A little later he went to the First World War. He couldnt become a solider because of bad health. He was an ambulance driver and a war correspondent.He wrote a lot during WWI, Spanish Civil War and WWII. His most well-known books, For Whom the Bell Tolls and Farewell to Arms are about war. In spite of writing career success, he had problems in his personal life. Hemingway married four times, all his marriages failed. He suffered from depression and alcohol abuse. In the end, Hemingway killed himself with a shotgun.The greatest painter of the 20th century Pablo Picasso was born on 25 oct. 1881 in Malaga, Spain. His genius was find in very early age. He started consumeing before he could talk. Even his first word was a Spanish word for pencil lapiz. He was mad about art.His father was an artist too, but young Pablo could draw a lot better. His paintings often shocked people with their unusual elements. He could draw a portrait of a person using only geometric shapes. He changed many ideas about art around the world.During his life he created over 6 thousand paintings, many of them are masterpieces known worldwide. Nowadays a work of him costs millions of pounds. He married two times, had four clawren. His last child was born when he was 68. Picasso died of heart failure in 1973

Criminal Liability and GBH Problem Question

Criminal Liability and GBH Problem QuestionFrom a brief review of the facts it seems that Aisling may be charged for roughshod liability under non-fatal criminal offences against the following Charles, Bernadette Dan. However, Aisling moldinessiness realize that the pursuit would have to prove each and every element of the beyond reasonable doubt, Woolmington v DPP1 which is a very high standard to achieve. S.39 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 19882 defines common assault stamp battery as summary offences, and consequently a somebody proven guilty of either is liable to a fine and/or imprisonment for non more than 6 months. The pursuance, will likely assert that Aislings words effected an assault to Charles. For such a charge to carry any liability, the prosecution will have to prove that Aislings intentional words caused Charles to apprehend impending outlaw(a) force. The House of Lords (HOL) make it clear in Ireland 3, that words can on their own constitute an assaul t as per Lord Stern. Moreover, Aisling cannot take up the defense, that she did not intend to threat Charles, but rather just wanted Charles to leave consequently, her act of saying the words is enough proof for a charge of assault, Logdon v DPP 4.However, in this case, the whole conviction rests on the fact that did the victim apprehend immediate unlawful personal violence? because if Charles did not feel threatened at any moment during his conversation with Aisling, then such a conviction may not stand against the defendant. The court cleared that in situations where an assault to person is not possible, words alone could not suffice to carry any liability Tuberville v Savage 5. Conversely, it is necessary to understand that for a charge of assault, it is crucial to prove that the victim had an appreciation of imminent harm from the defendant it is not enough to show that as the result of the defendants actions the victim developed fear that they mogul be harmed on some time la ter in the future. Thus, it seems unlikely that such a charge would carry any liability under s.39 CJA 1988. Lastly, the prosecution must prove that Aisling either intended or was reckless to the fact that her words could apprehend imminent unlawful violence to Charles Venna (COA)6 affirmed by HOL in Savage and Parmenter 7. This seems quite self-evident given the fact, that she intended to use those words so that Charles would leave the birthday party.As for Aislings criminal liability towards Bernadette she may be charged on two accounts firstly, the injury to the foot, sustained by Bernadette Aisling may be charged under s.20 OAPA for maliciously wounding or inflicting GBH. For such a charge the prosecution must prove that the defendants actions or omissions, wounded the victim and as per the decision in C (a baby) v. Eisenhower8, wounding entails a break in the continuity of both layers of the skin. Both the dermis and epidermis must be broken. However, it is noteworthy to men tion that generally, minor wounds are charged under s.47 OAPA, but considering the evidence that Bernadette lost a lot of blood and required ten stiches, it is fair to assume that this criminal charge will fall under s. 20 OAPA. As far as the Mens rea is concerned, the prosecution must founder that Aisling either intended or was reckless to the fact of causing the injury/ies. Lord Diplock in Mowatt9 made clear the correct interpretation of maliciously and later affirmed by the HOL in Savage Parmenter10 that it does not matter whether the accused foresaw that their unlawful act could not cause harm to such a gravity, i.e. serious harm. All that was essential was that the accused anticipated some physical harm to some person, albeit of a minor character. And from the facts, it is palpable that Aisling noticed the broken glass and the danger it may cause to the guests who were about to play blindfolded, but neglected the danger which she created, anyways. Such heedlessness is covere d by the test laid down by Lord Diplock. And, in Caldwell11 Lord Ackner affirmed that the prosecution must prove the defendants intention or foresight, of his actions causing harm.Aisling second charge will be for the punch, which although was meant for Dan but landed on Bernadette s.47 OAPA Assault occasioning actual sensible harm (ABH) provides for imprisonment for a destination not exceeding 5 years. The prosecution must firstly, establish that there was a common assault, both assault and battery DPP v. Little12 and this assault or battery resulted in occasioning ABH to the victim. Here, Aisling tried to punch Dan, but he ducked and the punch was received by Bernadette, which is battery the actual unlawful force towards the victim, without their consent, Fagan v MPC13. The prosecution must establish that there was an application of force Collins v Wilcock14 Goff LJ stated that every persons body is inviolate. Any touching of another person, however clarified may amount to a battery. ABH is defined in miller15, as including any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with the health or sympathiser of the victim. The 1994 Charging Standards guidelines provides a scale to determine ABH 16.Secondly, the persecution must establish causation that the application of force, occasioned the bodily harmed suffered by the victim. The test to establish jural causation would require the prosecution to prove that Aislings actions i.e. punching, was the operating impregnable cause of the suffering to Bernadette Pagett Cheshire17 which is evidenced by the fact of the eye bruising and discomfort which lasted for 3 days. However, it must be illustrious that Aislings defense cannot rely on the fact that Aisling never had the necessary mens rea of punching Bernadette, as the doctrine of transferred malice will come into play and effectively transfer the mens rea of the offence from Dan to Bernadette Latimer18 where the defendant was held liable for injuries to a ter nary party bystander, when the accused tried to hit the original victim but missed had hit another third party bystander.Aisling intentionally hit Dan with a vase on the head, because of the remarks he passed on her thereby causing head injuries which caused Dan to suffer a coma for several weeks. The prosecution will push for a conviction under s.18 OAPA GBH with intent. They will, first have to prove that Aisling inflicted or caused the injuries to Dan Wilson19, thus it must be proved that was the defendants actions were the operating substantial cause for the injuries sustained by the victim Cheshire20. Secondly, the prosecution will have to establish that the harm suffered by Dan was really serious harm, as per the HOL in DPP v. Smith21. Thus, in Bollom 22, the COA held that the jury must consider the age, health and the entirety of the injuries in deciding whether the injuries sustained were grievous or not. The 1994 Charging Standards provides guidelines to determine GBH in injuries 23. Lastly, the prosecution must establish Aislings necessary mens rea and must prove that she intended to cause serious harm/ GBH to Dan. As it is factually evident that she hit the vase with full force, at Dans head, it is presumable that she must have foreseen some really serious harm coming to Dan. But for a conviction under s.18 OAPA, specific intent to cause grievous bodily harm or to resist arrest is required and recklessness or foresight is not sufficient. Similarly, in Ismail24 the court found the defendant liable for GBH with intent, where he threw acid on the victims face, thereby causing injuries and blinding. Ultimately, it will be up to the jury to decide the question of intention guided by these principles, finding Aislings criminal liability towards Dan.(1301 Words)BibliographyCriminal Law Text, Cases, and Materials By Jonathan Herring, 6th Edition.1 Woolmington v DPP 1935 AC 4622 Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 1988 http//www.legislation.gov.u k/ukpga/1988/33/section/393 R v. Burstow, R v. Ireland 1997 UKHL 34 1997 4 All ER 225, 1997 3 WLR 534, 1998 1 Cr App R 177, 1997 Crim LR 810.4 Logdon v DPP 1976 Crim LR 121 (DC).5 Tuberville v Savage 1669 EWHC KB J25, (1669) 1 Mod Rep 3, 86 ER 6846 Venna (COA) 1975 3 All ER 788 (CA).7 Savage and Parmenter 1992 1 AC 699, 736, per Lord Ackner.8 C (a minor) v. Eisenhower 1984 QB 3319 R v. Mowatt 1968 1QB 42110 Savage and Parmenter 1992 1 AC 699, 736,11 R v Caldwell 1982 AC 34112 DPP v. Little 1992 QB 64513 Fagan v MPC 1969 1 QB 43914 Collins v Wilcock 1984 3 All ER 37415 R v Miller 1954 2 QB 28216 issue or breaking of teeth, temporary loss of sensory function, extensive or multiple bruising, broken nose, minor fractures or minor cuts requiring stitches. The 1994 Charging Standards http//www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/offences_against_the_person/a0317 R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 R v Cheshire 1991 3 ALL ER 67018 R v. Latimer (1886) 17 QBD 35919 R v. Wilson 1984 AC 24220 R v Chesh ire 1991 3 ALL ER 670.21 DPP v. Smith 1961 AC 29022 R v. Bollom 2004 2 Cr App R 6,23 resulting in loss of sensory function, injuries with substantial loss of blood, injuries requiring lengthy treatment or incapacity, severe internal injuries and those resulting in significant disablement of the victim, whether temporary or permanent. The 1994 Charging Standards http//www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/offences_against_the_person/a0324 R v Ismail (1991) 13 Cr App R (S) 395, CA

Issues in Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management

Issues in Industrial Relations and Human Resource worryXu JinhuangDefinition of Industrial RelationsIndustrial Relations focus on economic point of view, employees is a activate of production and the legislation of employment marge dominated by demand and supply economics. (Singh and Kumar, 2011). (Kelly) added that industrial dealings is a process of creating rule and regulation to procure the relationship in workplace and industry.The capital of Singapore Industrial RelationsDuring the 1950s to early 1960s Singapore face sky high unemployment rate and social unrest before gaining independence in 1965. Singapore has a well-established Industrial relation and stable labour management system it is well known that Singapores phenomenal economic offshoot after gaining independence was the result of the stable labour policy.Contribution to EconomyIn it economic development, Singapore political relation has pro- carryively played a role in amending and regulating policy within the industrial. The Singapore Industrial relations act legislation started in 15th August 1968 (Eresources.nlb.gov.sg, 2015), to establish a clear rule of thumb of employers management right and allow employees to reach their full potential while earning a better income and life.After The Industrial Relations spiel has universe implemented, the Employment Act was pass on next to fully provide a legal platform for employees and employers to follow and boost the labour relations, this legal act also aims to provide a steady, low cost and flexible industrial relation system to attract foreign organizations to invest in Singapore. The Employment Act preserved in regulation that wage negotiations should be based on economic growth and efficiency, rather than on unrealistic philosophies of justice (Bercuson and Carling).A multilateral industrial relations arrangement was also made with merge decision making base on entire phases of economic and social development which helped ensure in an environment of stability. (Singh and Kumar, 2011).In 1979 the PAP has implemented legal restrictions on collective bargaining, which include trade unions into the NTUC (National Trades Union Congress) and lastly consist of employers with NTUC through NWC (Nation take Council) which was establish in 1972 to make sure orderly wage increases and institutionalization of a flexible wage system that started in 1985 which combine wage increases to profits and productivity (TAN and BALAKRISHNAN, 2005).The NWC also made it compulsory for employer to made contribution to employees Central Provident Fund (CPF) which can be used for healthcare, retirement and house loan another(prenominal) Skills Development Fund (SDF) is for employees to further upgrade their skill and knowledge thru attending courses. These enhance them to become productive and updated. These measures were authorized by government for businesses to give part of their revenues to employees. The resulted in the citizens incr ease in their standard of living, healthcare, learning and employment rate (Rowley and Benson).(Bercuson and Carling) added that the NWC also recommended quantitative wage although it wasnt bind in economy widely movements in typical earning is closely reflected.During 1998, the government rename Ministry of Labour to Ministry of Manpower (MOM) the objective was to create a globally competitive workforce that can fall upon sustainable economic growth for it citizens, this result in Singapore being well recognized as a global developed industrialise economies. The government also used the wage reform policy and facilitate flexible Human Resource Management (Leggett, 2005).ConclusionSingapore economy is consider happy this was depended on highly developed and capable government that consistently update and amend the system and set the objective based on social and economic. downstairs the dominant political ruling, PAP bring a strike free and harmony industrial relations condition .ReferenceKelly, D.Researching industrial relationsBibliography Kelly, Di. Researching Industrial Relations. Leichardt, NSW alliance Press, 1999. Print.ERESOURCES.NLB.GOV.SGIndustrial Relations (Amendment) Act is enacted Singapore HistoryBibliographyEresources.nlb.gov.sg, (2015).Industrial Relations (Amendment) Act is enacted Singapore History. Online Available at http//eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/d7778e3e-1d07-457d-8cb4-6b27c0b8eb6d Accessed 19 Feb. 2015.SINGH, P. N. AND KUMAR, N.Employee relations managementBibliographySingh, P. and Kumar, N. (2011).Employee relations management. New Delhi Pearson Education southerly Asia.LEGGETT, C.The fourth transformation of Singapores industrial relationsBibliographyLeggett, C. (2005).The fourth transformation of Singapores industrial relations. Degree. University of South Australia.Tan, E. S. AND BALAKRISHNAN, P.Globalization and National Industrial Relations Systems Theoretical Implications from the Singapore CaseBibliographyTAN , E. and BALAKRISHNAN, P. (2005).Globalization and National Industrial Relations Systems Theoretical Implications from the Singapore Case. National University of Singapore Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS).Bercuson, K. and Carling, R. G.Singaporea object lesson study in rapid developmentBibliography Bercuson, Kenneth, and Robert G Carling. SingaporeA Case Study in Rapid Development. Washington, DC International Monetary Fund, 1995. Print.Rowley, C. and Benson, J.The management of human resources in the Asia Pacific regionBibliography Rowley, Chris, and John Benson. The Management of Human Resources in the Asia Pacific Region. London F. Cass, 2004. Print.Top of FormBottom of FormConfirmation CertificatepraiseYou have successfully completed the Library Plagiarism Quiz.Student Name Xu JinhuangStudent Number 13207569Date 30 June 2014THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT (signature) HAS COMPLETED THE PLAGIARISM testRemember that the confirmation certificate is a statement by you that you understand p lagiarism and know how to avoid it. If you think that you do not understand plagiarism and how to avoid it after working through this tutorial, you should confer with your module coordinator, no matter what score you have obtained on the test.Please print out this rogue and attach a copy of the certificate to the final page in all assignments you submit on each module as part of your course(It is your responsibility to print the certificate, complete the information, sign it, and keep a copy of it for your records)1

Global Burden of E-Waste: Health and Environmental Impacts

Global Burden of E-Waste Health and environmental ImpactsIntroductionE- thriftlessness or Waste electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or cast aside appliances using electricity which includes computers, consumer electronics, fridges etc. that let been disposed of by their original users (Lundgren 2012). unfortunately, this definition is one of many because there is no standard definition of e-waste. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is currently the largest growing waste stream in the glob due to rapid technology innovation, ever-shortening product lifespans and increase of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) consumption (Lundgren 2012). This growing has major wellness, environmental and economic impacts especially in developing countries. According to the United Nation Environment (UN environment), computers lifespan has decreased from half dozen years in 1997 to two years in 2005 in developed countries (un environ ment 2017).Widmer et al., 2005 estimated that e-waste constitutes 8% of the total municipal solid waste. In 2014, the total e-waste generated intercontinental was estimated to be or so 41.8 million tons (t) with about 3-5% annual growth rate (Bald et al. 2014). Out of this, only (15%) 6.5 million tons has been reported to be course of instructionally treated (Bald et al. 2014 Heacock et al. 2016). Up to 80% of the e-waste that sent for cycle in developed countries are illegally transported to developing countries mainly in Africa, and Asia (Strategic Approach to International Chemicals perplexity (SAICM) 2009). Countries such as US, Japan, china, India, and countries from the European Union are the main sources of e-waste (Bald et al. 2014). Unfortunately, most of developing countries receiving e-waste are not technologically equipped and usually use unanalyzable hazardous methods for recycle (Lundgren 2012). Accordingly, peoples health and environment in these developing co untries are jeopardized (Smith et al. 2006 SAICM 2009).RecyclingE-waste contains up to 60 different valuable metals that have been estimated to be equate to 48 billion (Bald et al. 2014 Namias 2013). BullionStreet (2012) stated that electronic industry consumes about 320 t of gold and 7500 t of silver every year and mining of e-waste could generate $21 billion each year. About 40% of this profits comes from in the printed circuit board that have a potential revenue of 21,200/t, while it is only form 3-6% of the total e-waste generated worldwide every year (Golev et al. 2016). At the same time, e-waste can generate more amount of metals comparing to the conventional mining operations using the same amount of power in both ways (Namias 2013). Also, Studies have revealed that the global ore grade are decreasing and taps are forced to excavate more complex and fine-grained ore deposits to meet the global metal need (Lbre and Corder 2015).According to the electronics takeback coalitio n (2014), recycling 1 million cell phones can recover about 24 kg (50 lb) of gold, 250 kg (550 lb) of silver, 9 kg (20 lb) of palladium, and more than 9,000 kg (20,000 lb) of copper. Nonetheless, the run of mine ore needed to produce the same amount of metal is 10-160 times more than that of the waste mobile phones. Beside saving money, recycling can provide the same amount of metal with substantial less power intake compared to mine ore (Cui and Forssberg 2003). Consequently, it will lead significant reduction in the volume of gas emission due to new metal production.Economic OutcomeForm economic standpoint, plays an important employment role in the recycling sectors of some low and middle-income countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Ghana, and Nigeria (Lundgren 2012 Programme des Nations Unies burgeon forth lenvironnement 2011). For example, In Guiyu, China, the largest informal e-waste recycling location in the world, e-waste recycling provides jobs to almost 100, 000 people as e-waste recyclers (Heacock et al. 2016 Lundgren 2012). With the similar throughput, 300-600 new treatment facilities will have to be developed in China to deal with the total generated e-waste from 2020 to 2030 that can potentially provide jobs to 30,000 people (Zeng et al. 2016).Health and Environmental ImpactsDespite the economic benefits from recycling, e-waste processing has raised alarming environmental and health upshots specially in developing countries. Where e-waste recycling sector is unregulated and unaccountable collecting, processing, and redistributing tends to be performed by workers at temporary sites, residences, crude workshops, and open public spaces. unceremonial recycling areas usually inhabited by poor people with scarce job possibilities and their main concern is feed themselves and their families this primary concern predominates that for personal health and gum elastic (The Lancet 2013). Recycling without protection exposes workers to many h azardous chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, and lead (Lundgren 2012). The incineration of these chemicals release compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), poly-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/ Fs) gases that effect soil, atmosphere, and pee (Hossain et al. 2015).The hazard from e-waste processing not only threatens operator health, but also, puts the health of people living nearby and following generations living in the surrounding areas in jeopardy (Liu et al. 2009).Toxins absorption and effects vary based on type and quantity of e-waste, length of exposure, methods processing, and physiologic vulnerability, especially in pregnant women and children (Grant et al. 2013). People assailable to hazardous substances in e-waste through multiple routes, including food, water, air, and soil (Norman et al. 2013). There is high accumulative in the area w here informal recycling locations have functioned for more than a decade (Chen et al. 2011). The impact of the hazardous substances from e-waste can spread beyond processing sites and into ecosystems (Seplveda et al. 2010 Zhang et al. 2010). For example, rice and dust samples collected from homes close to e-waste settings had almost double the maximum tolerable concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper (Zheng et al. 2013).An exposure of contaminated food such as rice plus inhaling lead through house dust situates children to high run a risk of neurotoxicity and ill developmental effects (Zheng et al. 2013). Studies have linked exposure to such toxins with increases in spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature births, reduced birthweights, and birth lengths events (Liu et al. 2009 Wu et al. 2011 Wu et al. 2012). Also, physical growth indicators, such as weight, height, and body-mass index, were significantly lower in children living in the e-waste recycling town of Guiyu tha n in those living in the control area Liangying (Zheng et al. 2013).Environmentally, as mentioned earler, disposal of these chemicals/metals in landfills or by incinerating them can produce harmful effects to the environment (Heacock et al. 2016). The amount of cadmium exists in a cell phone battery have a potential to pollute 600m3 of water (Garlapati 2016). For example, the concentration of metals such as lead, copper and nickel that found in the discharge channel near Guiyu to Nanyang driveway and Chendiandian to Guiyu road in China were 400-600 times higher than that is expected from uncontaminated river sediments (Brigden et al. 2005). Similar results were obtained from formal recycling sites with elevated content of nickel, copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in Philippines (Yoshida et al. 2016).To conclude, the elevated level of hazard of e-waste show the importance of proper recycling techniques and safer recycling facilities that can reduce the risks related to the environmenta l and public health and safety issues. Also, future studies needed to assess the direct and indirect health cost of informal e-waste recycling, health and environmental impacts of the formal e-waste treatment.ReferencesBald C, Wang F, Kuehr R, Huisman J. 2014. The global e-waste monitor. UNU-IAS Bonn, Germany.Brigden K, Labunska I, Santillo D, Allsopp M. 2005. Recycling of electronic wastes in china and india Workplace and environmental contamination. Greenpeace International, Amsterdam.Chen A, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho S. 2011. Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste An emerging health concern. Environ Health Perspect 119(4)431.Cui J, Forssberg E. 2003. Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment A review. J Hazard Mater 99(3)243-263.Garlapati VK. 2016. E-waste in india and developed countries Management, recycling, business and biotechnological initiatives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54874-881.Golev A, Schmeda-Lopez DR, Smart SK, Corder GD, McFarland EW. 2016. Where next on e-waste in australia? Waste Manage 58348-358.Grant K, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune M, Neira M, van den Berg M et al. 2013. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste A regular review. The Lancet Global Health 1(6)e350-e361.Heacock M, Kelly CB, Asante KA, Birnbaum LS, Bergman AL, Brune MN et al. 2016. E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations A growing global problem. Environ Health Perspect 124(5)550-555 doi 10.1289/ehp.1509699 doi.Hossain MS, Al-Hamadani SM, Rahman MT. 2015. E-waste A challenge for sustainable development. Journal of Health and Pollution 5(9)3-11.Lbre , Corder G. 2015. Integrating industrial ecology thinking into the management of mining waste. Resources 4(4)765-786.Liu Q, Cao J, Li KQ, Miao XH, Li G, Fan FY et al. 2009. Chromosomal aberrations and deoxyribonucleic acid damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 16(3)329-338.Lundgren K. 2012. The global impact of e-waste Addressing the challenge. .Namias J. 2013. The future of electronic waste recycling in the United States obstacles and domestic solutions.Norman RE, Carpenter DO, Scott J, Brune MN, Sly PD. 2013. Environmental exposures An underrecognized contribution to noncommunicable diseases. Rev Environ Health 28(1)59-65.Programme des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement. 2011. Towards a Green Economy Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. United Nations Environment Programme.Seplveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, Hagelken C et al. 2010. A review of the environmental band and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling Examples from china and india. Environ Impact Assess Rev 30(1)28-41.Smith T, Sonnenfeld DA, Pellow DN. 2006. Challenging the Chip Labor Rights and Environmental Justice in the Global Electronics Industry. Temple University Press.Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Manag ement (SAICM). 2009. Background information in relation to the emerging policy issue of electronic waste. , Geneva.The Lancet. 2013. Electronic waste-time to take stock. The Lancet 381(9885)2223 doi http//dx.doi.org.library1.unmc.edu2048/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61465-8.Web.unep.org. March, 2017. E-Waste Management Global Partnership on Waste Management. http//web.unep.org/gpwm/what-we-do/e-waste-management ed. .Wu K, Xu X, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2011. In utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and reduced neonatal physiological development from guiyu, china. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(8)2141-2147.Wu K, Xu X, Peng L, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2012. Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes. Environ Int 481-8.Yoshida A, Terazono A, Ballesteros FC, Nguyen D, Sukandar S, Kojima M et al. 2016. E-waste recycling processes in indonesia, the philippines, and vietnam A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. Resour Conserv Recycling 10648-58.Zeng X, Gong R, Chen W, Li J. 2016. Uncovering the recycling potential of bare-assed WEEE in china. Environ Sci Technol 50(3)1347-1358.Zhang X, Luo X, Liu H, Yu L, Chen S, Mai B. 2010. Bioaccumulation of several brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in south china Associated with trophic level and nourishment sources. Environ Sci Technol 45(2)400-405.Zheng J, Chen K, Yan X, Chen S, Hu G, Peng X et al. 2013. Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in south china and the potential risk to human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 96205-212.

Discipline As Folklore :: essays papers

Discipline As FolkloreThere is no need to cope whether discipline has a role in society. The types, severity, and appropriateness are debatable, but it surely serves a purpose. This applies on a global scale, with groups such as NATO and the UN, all the way down to individual households. The family unit acts as a training camp for upcoming members of a community by teaching children what is expected of them done example and discipline. Though the methodology varies from household-to-household, culture-to-culture, place-to-place we all have had to answer to authority at some point or another. The methods and slightons passed from generation to generation are uphold in the retelling of our own experiences to one another. These stories can also serve as a badge of honor proof that we have survived the storm and are estimable members of society.An inspection of the interview answers ruins variation between the types of punishment that disciplinarians, mostly parents, chose to use. Though not well reflected in the transcript, those who were disciplined harshly, with one exception, express that they afford their parents less propriety and do not see themselves emulating the approach of their elders. Appendix B It is interesting to note, however that the offenses themselves tend to be similar. Five of the eight recorded responses list lying as a punishable offense. Disrespect or getting in taboo situations seems to be a common thread as well. The majority of respondents share views around the intentions behind their parents actions, more specifically, they recognize that discipline is a means for parents to teach me what they considered the right way to act - based on their moral and religious beliefs. Appendix A What do you think were the motives behind their actions? 2While collecting the data, I was surprised to see how eager people were to share such private aspects of their lives. I turn over out interview questions to some friends in the library (campfi re) who quickly began reminiscing about childhood experiences. The conversation attracted the attention of nearby studiers and passers by who stopped to listen or throw in a personal anecdote or two. I found myself playfully competing with my interviewees over who had the most, the funniest, or the wildest stories. By telling their story, people reveal themselves. Their personality is highlighted by the kind of story they tell and the way they tell it. Explanations for an individuals behavior may become evident in a functionalist sense Why I am the way I am is explored through an expression of feelings and bottled up emotions through references of the past.

Comparing Tension and Conflict in Things Fall Apart and Clear Light of

Tension and Conflict in Things Fall Apart and Clear Light of Day How does the tension between traditional and modern views of the sphere play itself out in Achebes Things Fall Apart, and Desais Clear Light of Day? In both Achebes and Desais novels, tension and conflict between the new and the old, traditional and modern are the strong undercurrents that move the story and the reader into an unconscious emotional uneasiness. In both novels, the backdrop and the story are engrossed in a struggle between two worlds, the new and the old fighting out its battles in the characters portrayed within. Achebe makes his stand in eastern Nigeria while Desai illustrates her augur in Old Delhi. In the first part of Things Fall Apart, Achebe, portrays a traditional African culture, but one on the verge of change. betimes in the novel you can see change is already taking place. ...in the past a man who broke the peace was dragged on the ground passim the village until he died. B ut after a while this custom was stopped because it spoiled the peace which it was meant to preserve. But traditions continued on, including ritual killing and ostracism of one of the village leaders. But then things begin to change more rapidly with the coming of the missionaries. When they gave them the evil forest to build their churches on there was no turning back. Many of the abused and outcast were converted when they saw that these new people prospered in the evil lands. The people started to revolt against their traditional gods. Three converts had at peace(p) into the village and boasted openly that... ...k after... But even this simple act has its overtones, ...she has always liked to rule others... In both of these novels the main characters have to be strong to deal with the tides between tradition and modern culture. Their lives are not easy, but while reading about them, maybe we can make it easier for others to live in our world and understand those who do not wish to make the journey of progress. Failing that, maybe we can at least understand our knowledge journey through this jumble we call life. Works Cited and Consulted Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Portsmouth, impertinently Hampshire Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1986. Desai, Anita. The Clear Light of Day London Penguin, 1990 Taiwo, Oladele. Culture and the Nigerian Novel. New York St. Martins Press, 1976.